What is fiqh and who are the fuqaha? How did fiqh evolve into the highly organised and methodical system available to us today? How were principles and rulings of fiqh derived? What was the perception and particular usage of fiqh by the earlier generation of Muslims? What are the sources of fiqh? Is fiqh and shari’ah synonymous? What is the relationship of fiqh with other Islamic sciences?

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Then the cities of Islam grew, and illiteracy disappeared from among the Arabs because of their constant occupation with the Qur’an. After that, the development of Fiqh took place. Fiqh was perfected and came to be a craft and a science. The Qur’an readers were no longer called Qur’an readers but Fuqaha’ (Jurists) and religious scholars - (Ibn Khaldoon; Al Muqaddimah)

"If a group of people from every tribe stayed behind to study (and ponder on) the religion (li yatafaqqahoo fî al-dîni), to warn and admonish their people when they return to them so that they are cautious." (At Tawbah; 122)

 The development of fiqh during the era of the four rightly-guided khulafaa is undoubtedly a significant period in the organisation of the principles of fiqh (usul al fiqh) available to us today. After the demise of the Messenger of Allah sallalahu ‘alaihi wasallam the sahaabah were faced with enormous challenges, as events and issues took place and new needs arose. The challenges included dealing with leadership and politics, apostasy (riddah), and organisation in the vast military expeditions and conquests. Great achievements were accomplished during this period including the compilation of the Qur’an. The doors of deduction (istinbaat), ijtehad (independent judgments)and fataawa (Islamic legal opinions) for issues that did not possess a (clear) text were opened and the third and fourth sources of figh, the ijmaa’(consensus) and qiyas (reasoning) emerged. Themuftis and fuqaha, among the sahaabah andtaabi’oon, played the role in elucidation of the principles of jurisprudence and the qadis (appointed judges) ensured the establishment of justice.

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